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By Michael Perry
SYDNEY (Reuters) - A 16th century maritime map in a Los Angeles library vault proves that Portuguese adventurers, not British or Dutch, were the first Europeans to discover Australia, says a new book which details the secret discovery of Australia.
The book "Beyond Capricorn" says the map, which accurately marks geographical sites along Australia's east coast in Portuguese, proves that Portuguese seafarer Christopher de Mendonca lead a fleet of four ships into Botany Bay in 1522 -- almost 250 years before Britain's Captain James Cook.
Australian author Peter Trickett said that when he enlarged the small map he could recognize all the headlands and bays in Botany Bay in Sydney -- the site where Cook claimed Australia for Britain in 1770.
"It was even so accurate that I found I could draw in the modern airport runways, to scale in the right place, without any problem at all," Trickett told Reuters on Wednesday.
Trickett said he stumbled across a copy of the map while browsing through a Canberra book shop eight years ago.
He said the shop had a reproduction of the Vallard Atlas, a collection of 15 hand drawn maps completed no later than 1545 in France. The maps represented the known world at the time.
Two of the maps called "Terra Java" had a striking similarity to Australia's east coast except at one point the coastline jutted out at right angles for 1,500 km (932 miles).
"There was something familiar about them but they were not quite right -- that was the puzzle. How did they come to have all these Portuguese place names?," Trickett said.
Trickett believed the cartographers who drew the Vallard maps had wrongly aligned two Portuguese charts they were copying from.
It is commonly accepted that the French cartographers used maps and "portolan" charts acquired illegally from Portugal and Portuguese vessels that had been captured, Trickett said.
"The original portolan maps would have been drawn on animal hide parchments, usually sheep or goat skin, of limited size," he explained. "For a coastline the length of eastern Australia, some 3,500 kms, they would have been 3 to 4 charts."
"The Vallard cartographer has put these individual charts together like a jigsaw puzzle. Without clear compass markings its possible to join the southern chart in two different ways. My theory is it had been wrongly joined."
Using a computer Trickett rotated the southern part of the Vallard map 90 degrees to produce a map which accurately depicts Australia's east coast.
"They provided stunning proof that Portuguese ships made these daring voyages of discovery in the early 1520s, just a few years after they had sailed north of Australia to reach the Spice Islands -- the Moluccas. This was a century before the Dutch and 250 years before Captain Cook," he said.
Trickett believes the original charts were made by Mendonca who set sail from the Portuguese base at Malacca with four ships on a secret mission to discover Marco Polo's "Island of Gold" south of Java.
If Trickett is right, Mendonca's map shows he sailed past Fraser Island off Australia's northeast coast, into Botany Bay in Sydney, and south to Kangaroo Island off southern Australia, before returning to Malacca via New Zealand's north island.
Mendonca's discovery was kept secret to prevent other European powers reaching the new land, said Trickett, who believes his theory is supported by discoveries of 16th century Portuguese artifacts on the Australian and New Zealand coasts. Mar, 2007
click na foto para ver em tamanho grande
Ponte Vasco da Gama. Portugal que tem 10km sobre agua
Austrália foi descoberta pelos Portugueses ?
Ângela Marques
Seja feita justiça: foram os portugueses e não os britânicos, nem os holandeses, que descobriram a Austrália. Foram os portugueses e isso só não se soube antes por culpa
dos franceses. É o que afirma um livro publicado na Austrália, que mostra uma carta náutica abandonada numa biblioteca de Los Angeles, nos Estados Unidos, provando que
Cristóvão de Mendonça foi o primeiro a pôr os pés no território. Só que uma tradução mal feita em França escondeu durante séculos o seu feito.
O jornalista e historiador australiano Peter Trickett encontrou os dois mapas da polémica "por acaso". E não tem dúvidas: "Eles fornecem provas notáveis de que navios
portugueses fizeram essas viagens corajosas de descoberta em 1520. Isso foi um século antes dos holandeses e 250 anos antes do capitão James Cook [que reclamou para o
Reino Unido a descoberta em 1770]", diz.
Em entrevista à Reuters, Trickett disse que se deparou com uma cópia do mapa numa livraria há oito anos. Ali encontrou uma reprodução do Atlas Vallard, uma colecção de
15 mapas feitos à mão até 1545 em França. Dois deles intitulavam-se "Terra Java" e apresentavam semelhanças com a costa australiana. "Havia algo familiar neles, mas
também havia algo de errado, era um quebra-cabeças. Porque teriam aqueles lugares nomes portugueses?", inquietou-se. Cerca de 120 locais tinham nomes em português.
Trickett percebeu então que os cartógrafos franceses poderiam ter alinhado mal dois mapas portugueses. "Os mapas originais teriam sido desenhados em pergaminhos de pele
de carneiro ou cabra, de tamanho limitado. Para uma costa do tamanho do leste da Austrália, de 3500 quilómetros, seriam precisos três a quatro mapas", explicou o historiador.
A explicação para o engano será então que "sem marcações de bússolas claras era possível juntar o mapa de duas maneiras". E os franceses tê-lo-ão feito da pior maneira,
da maneira errada. Para Trickett, os mapas foram feitos por Cristóvão de Mendonça, que saiu de Portugal com quatro navios numa missão secreta para descobrir a "Ilha do
Ouro" de Marco Pólo, no sul de Java. Tendo descoberto a Austrália, terá mantido o feito em segredo para evitar que outras potências europeias da época se lhe seguissem.
Title: Beyond Capricorn
Author: Trickett, Peter
Publisher: East Street Publications
ISBN: 097511459X
Year Published: 2007
Binding: Paperback
In Beyond Capricorn, Peter Trickett challenges the commonly held view that the European discovery of Australia and New Zealand was made first by the Dutch, followed later
by Britain's Captain James Cook. Trickett argues the remarkable claim that in the year 1522 - a century before the Dutch and 250 years before Captain Cook - the Portuguese
sailed past Fraser Island and into Botany Bay, around Wilson's Promontory, and as far as Kangaroo Island before returning to their base in Malacca via the North Island of New
Zealand.
Drawing from primary and secondary historical sources, archaeological evidence and stories handed down through Aboriginal oral tradition, Peter Trickett tells a story of
espionage, revenge and secret voyages made by the Portuguese to corner the fabulously rich spice trade in the east and find the islands of gold alluded to by Marco Polo.
Secret voyages that resulted in the discovery of Australia and New Zealand almost 500 years ago.
Beyond Capricorn is a compelling account of how for a brief moment in the 1520s Australia and New Zealand came close to becoming Portuguese outposts in the southern seas.
CURIOSIDADES: AUSTRALIA
Localização: Oceania entre o Oceano Índico e o Oceano Pacífico - 27 00 S, 133 00 E
Área: 7.686.850 km quadrados incluindo ilhas. ( Sexto maior do mundo)
Países Fronteiriços: Nenhum
Extenção da Costa Marítima: 25.760 km
Extenção da Grande Barreira de Corais: 2.200 Km
Mar territorial: 12 Milhas Nauticas
Zona econômica exclusiva: 200 Milhas Nauticas
Clima: Árido à Semi-Árido, Temperado no Leste e Sul, Tropical no Norte.
Terreno: Plano baixo com Montanhas no Leste e no Sudeste.
Ponto mais baixo: Lake Eyre - 15 metros abaixo do nível do mar
Ponto Culminante: Mount Kosciuszko 2.229 metros acima do nível do mar.
Recursos Naturais: Carvão, Bauxita, Ferro, Cobre, Ouro, Prata, Uranio, Nickel, Tungstenio, Chumbo, Zinco, Diamante, Petróleo, e Gás Natural.
Desastres Naturais: Ciclones ao longo da Costa Norte, Nordeste e Noroeste, Sêca em todo o continente, Incêndios Florestais
População Total: 19,546,792 (2002)
0 a 14 anos 20.4% ( Homens: 2.046.052 Mulheres: 1.949.725)
15 a 64 anos 67.0% ( Homens: 6.610.840 Mulheres: 6.480.354)
Acima de 65 anos 12.6% ( Homens: 1.078.506 Mulheres: 1.381.315)
Crescimento Populacional: 0.96% por ano.
Mortalidade Infantil: 4.9 em 1000 nascimentos.
Expectativa de Vida: Média: 80 anos ( Homens: 77 anos - Mulheres: 83 anos)
Taxa de Fertilidade: 1.77 nascimentos por Mulher
Grupos Étnicos: Caucasianos 92%, Asiáticos 7%, Aborígienes e outros 1%
Religião: Anglicanos: 26.1%, Cotólico Romano: 26%, Cristãos: 24.3%, Outras: 22.6%
Taxa de Alfabetização: 100% acima de 15 anos de idade.
Sistema de Governo: Parlamentarista, Democrático, com Sistema Federativo.
Capital Federal: Canberra
Divisão Territorial: 6 Estados: New South Wales- Queensland - Victoria - South Australia - West Australia - Tasmania. 2 Territórios: Northen Territory e Australian Capital Territory (ACT)
Outros Territórios dependentes: Ilhas Ashmore, Cartier, Christmas, Cocos, Ilhas no Coral Sea, Ilhas Heard, McDonald, e Norfolk.
Independência: 1 de Janeiro de 1901
Dia da Austrália: 26 de Janeiro.(feriado nacional)
Maioridade: 18 anos, Universal e Compulsória
Partidos políticos: Australian Democrats, Australian Labor Party, Country Labor Party, Australian Greens, Liberal Party, National Party, One Nation Party.
Taxa de Inflação: 2.8 % ao ano
Taxa de Desemprego: 5.6 % da população economicamente ativa.
Moeda: Australian Dollar (AUD)
Importações: $ 68 Bilhões Exportações: $ 66.3 Bilhões (2002)
Dívida Externa: $ 176.8 Bilhões (2001)
Renda per Capita: $ 27.000 Dollares/ habitante
History of Portugal
The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian peninsula. The region was visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, settled by Celts, incorporated in the Roman empire (as Lusitania in 138 BC), settled again by Suevi, Buri and Visigoths and conquered by Muslims. In 868, during the Reconquista, the First County of Portugal was formed. A victory over the Muslims at Ourique in 1139 is traditionally taken as the occasion when Portugal is transformed from a county into an independent kingdom.
On June 24, 1128, Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother, Countess Teresa, and her lover, Fernão Peres de Trava, in battle - thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques proclaimed himself king of Portugal on July 25, 1139, after the Battle of Ourique and was recognized as such in 1143 by Alfonso VII, king of León and Castile, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.
Afonso Vaz and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present day borders, with minor exceptions.
In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world.
In 1383, the king of Castile, husband of the daughter of the Portuguese king who had died without a male heir, claimed his throne. An ensuing popular revolt led to the 1383-1385 Crisis. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by John of Aviz (later John I), seconded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. This celebrated battle is still a symbol of glory and the struggle for independence from neighboring Spain.
In the following decades, Portugal spearheaded the exploration of the world and undertook the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavor.
In 1415, Portugal gained the first of its overseas colonies when a fleet conquered Ceuta, a prosperous Islamic trade center in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements.
An anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999). Red - true possessions; Pink - explorations, areas of influence and trade and claims of sovereignty; Blue - main sea explorations, routes and areas of inluence.
Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts as they looked for a route to India and its spices, which were coveted in Europe. In 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached India and brought economic prosperity to Portugal and its then population of one million residents.
In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral, en route to India, discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal.Ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa, in India, Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca in what is now a state in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. It may also have been Portuguese sailors that were the first Europeans to discover Australia] .[3
Portugal's independence was interrupted between 1580 and 1640. Because the heirless King Sebastian died in battle in Morocco, Philip II of Spain claimed his throne and so became Philip I of Portugal. Although Portugal did not lose its formal independence, it was governed by the same monarch who governed Spain, briefly forming a union of kingdoms; in 1640, John IV spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. This was the beginning of the dynasty of Braganza, which was to reign until 1910.
By this time, however, the Portuguese empire was already under attack from other countries, specifically Britain and the Netherlands. Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil.
In 1910, a revolution deposed the Portuguese monarchy, but chaos continued and considerable economic problems were aggravated by the military intervention in the First World War, which led to a military coup d'état in 1926. This in turn led to the establishment of a right-wing dictatorship by António de Oliveira Salazar.
In the early 1960s, independence movements in the colonies of Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War. In 1974, a bloodless left-wing military coup known as the Carnation Revolution led the way for a modern democracy as well as the independence of the last colonies in Africa shortly after. Portugal joined the European Union in 1986, and ever since it has engaged in a process of convergence with its EU counterparts.
As maiores pontes do mundo.
Nota: Não há uma maneira padronizada de medir o comprimento total de uma ponte. Algumas pontes são medidas desde o início da rampa de
"entrada até ao fim da saída. Algumas são medidas de margem a margem, outras ainda correspondem ao comprimento total construído."
Daí que a ordenação abaixo tenha que ser vista apenas como uma orientação.
Pontes Nome Extensao(metros) Vao(metros) Ano conclusão País
"[1]Causeway do lagoon Pontchartrain 38,445 ? 1969 Estados Unidos"
"[2] Donghai (maior ponte sober o mar 24.6 km) 31,500 420 2005 China"
"[3]Causeway do Rei Fahd 25,000 ? 1986 Arábia Saudita/Bahrain"
"[4]Ponte Vasco da Gama 17,185 420 1998 Portugal"
"[5]Ponte Penang 13,500 225 1985 Malásia"
"[6]Ponte Rio-Niterói 13,332 300 1974 Brazil"
"[7]Ponte Confederation 12,900 250 1997 Canadá"
"[8]Ponte San Mateo-Hayward 11,265 22 1967 Estados Unidos"
"[9] Ponte Seven Mile 10,887 41 1982 Estados Unidos"
"[10]Terceira Ponte Mainland 10,500 ? 1991 Nigeria"
"[11]Ponte Shandong-Henan Yellow River 10,282 ? 1985 China"
"[12] Ponte Twin Span 8,851 ? 1963 Estados Unidos"
"[13] Ponte do logo Maracaibo 8,678 235 1962 Venezuela"
"[14] Ponte do Øresund 7,845 490 1999 Dinamarca/Suécia"
"[15] Ponte James River 7,425 126 1983 Estados Unidos"
"[16]Ponte Gwangan 7,420 500 2002 Coreia do Sul"
"[17] Ponte Huey P. Long 7,009 241 1936 Estados Unidos"
"[18] Ponte Chesapeake Bay 6,946 488 1952(este)1973(oeste) Estados Unidos"
"[19] Ponte Great Belt (Oriental) 6,790 1,624 1998 Dinamarca"
"[20] Ponte Nanjing Yangtze River 6,772 160 1968 China"
"[21] Ponte Sunshine Skyway 6,663 366 1987 Estados Unidos"
"[22] Ponte Great Belt (Ocidental) 6,611 110 1994 Dinamarca"
"[23] Ponte Astoria-Megler 6,545 375 1966 Estados Unidos"
"[24] Ponte Öland 6,072 130 1972 Suécia"
"[25 Hernando de Soto Bridge 5,954 274 1 972 Estados Unidos"
"[26] Ponte Mahatma Gandhi 5,850 ? 1982 India"
"[27] Ponte Hell Gate 5,182 298 1916 Estados Unidos"
"[28] Second Severn Crossing 5,126 456 1996 Reino Unido"
"[29] Ponte Zeeland 5,022 95 1965 Países Baixos"
"[30] Ponte Tappan Zee 4,881 369 1955 Estados Unidos"
"[31] Ponte Bangabandhu 4,800 100 1998 Bangladesh"
"[32] Ponte Sault Ste. Marie International 4,506 ? 1962 Estados UUUnidos/Canadá"
"[33] Ponte Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line 4,384 ? 1997 Japão"
"[34] Ponte Champlain 4,182 215 1962 Canadá"
"[35] Ponte New Vicksburg 3,954 257 1973 Estados Unidos"
"[36]Ponte Köhlbrand 3,940 520 1974 Alemanha"
"[37]] Ponte Akashi-Kaikyo 3,911 1,991(o maior vão) 1998 Japão"
"[38] Ponte Lupu 3,900 550 2003 China"
"[39] Ponte flutuante Evergreen Point 3,781 ? 1963 Estados Unidos"
"[40] Ponte Skygate R 3,750 ? 1991 Japão"
"[41] Ponte San Diego-Coronad 3,407 201 1969 Estados Unidos"
"[42]Terceira Ponte 3,300 260 1989 Brazil"
"[43] Ponte Storstrøm 3,199 138 1937 Dinamarca"
"[44] Ponte Brahmaputra 3,015 120 1987 India"
"[45] Ponte Jiangyin Suspension 3,000 1,385 1999 China"
"[46] Ponte Rio-Antirio 2,880 560 2004 Grécia"
"[47] Ponte Saratov 2,804 ? 1965 Rússia"
"[48] Ponte Victoria 2,790 ? 1898 Canadá"
"[49] Ponte Godavari Rail 2,745 27 1997 India"
"[50] Ponte Golden Gate 2,737 1,280 1937 Estados Unidos"
"[51] Laviolette Bridge 2,704 335 1967 Canadá"
"[52] Ponte Jacques Cartier 2,687 334 1930 Canadá"
"[53] Ponte Houghton Highway 2,685 ? 1979 Austrália"
"[54] Ponte Mackinac 2,626 1,158 1957 Estados Unidos"
"[55] Ponte Khabarovsk 2,590 127 1916 reconstr.1999 Rússia"
"[56 Ponte West Gate 2,583 336 1978 Austrália"
"[57] Burlington Bay Skyway 2,560 325 1958 Canadá"
"[58] Ponte Richard I. Bong Memorial 2,559 ? 1985 Estados Unidos"
"[59] Forth Rail Bridge 2,529 521 1890 Escócia"
"[60] Forth Road Bridge 2,512 1,006 1964 Escócia"
"[61] Ponte Zilwaukee 2,466 119 1988 Estados Unidos"
"[62] Viaduct Millar 2,460 342 2004 France"
"[63] Ponte John A. Beatnik 2,430 ? 1961 Estados Unidos"
"[64] Ponte Kingston-Rhine cliff 2,375 244 1957 Estados Unidos"
"[65] Ponte Ambassador 2,283 564 1929 Canadá / Estados Unidos"
"[66] Ponte 25 de Abril 2,278 1,013 1966 Portugal"
"[67] Ponte Humber 2,220 1,410 1981 Reino Unido"
"[68] Ponte San Janice 2,200 1,377 1979 Filipinas"
"[69] Ponte Abraham Lincoln Memorial 2,170 189 1987 Estados Unidos"
"[70] Ponte Sting Ma 2,160 1,377 1997 Hong Kong"
"[71] Ponte da Normandy 2,143 856 1995 France"
"[72] Ponte Port Man 2,093 366 1964 Canadá"
"[73] Ponte Manhattan 2,089 448 1912 Estados Unidos"
"[74] Ponte Surged 2,070 408 2000 Rússia"
"[75] Ponte Verazinc-Narrow 2,034 1,298 1964 Estados Unidos"
"[76] Ponte Raped 2,000 103 1950 Hungria"
"[77] Eads Bridg 1,964 158 1874 Estados Unidos"
"[78] Ponte Malaysia-Singapore Second Link 1,920 165 1998 Malásia/Singapore"
"[79] Ponte Draymen 1,892 60 1975 Noruega"
"[80] Ponte Brooklyn 1,834 486 1883 Estados Unidos"
"[81] Ponte Hogan Kustner 1,800 1,210 1997 Suécia"
"[82] Ponte Faro (sulk) 1,726 290 1985 Dinamarca"
"[83] Ponte Minami Bisan-Seto 1,678 1,100 1988 Japão"
"[84] Ponte Sallingsund 1,717 93 1978 Dinamarca"
"[85] Ponte Vejle Fjord 1,712 110 1980 Dinamarca"
"[86] Ponte New Little Belt 1,700 600 1970 Dinamarca"
"[87] Ponte Angostura 1,678 712 1967 Venezuela"
"[88] Ponte Ting Kau 1,675 475 2004 China"
"[89] Ponte das Americas 1,654 344 1962 Panama"
"[90] Ohnaruto Bridge 1,629 876 1985 Japão"
"[91] Viaduct Lethbridge 1,624 35 1909 Canadá"
"[92] Ponte Kita-Bisan 1,611 990 1985 Japão"
"[93] Ponte Faro (norte) 1,596 40 1985 Dinamarca"
"[94] Ponte Cedar Avenue 1,580 ? 1979 Estados Unidos"
"[95 Terceira ponte Kurushima-Kaikyo 1,570 1,030 1999 Japão"
"[96] Gerald Desmond Bridge 1,565 321 1968 Estados Unidos"
"[97] Segunda Ponte Kurushima-Kaiky 1,515 1,020 1999 Japão"
"[98] Ponte do Bósforo 1,510 1,074 1973 Turquia"
"[99] Ponte Fatih Sultão Mehmet 1,510 1,090 1988 Turquia"
"[100] Tatara Bridge (Shimanami Kaido) 1,480 890 1999 Japão"
"[101] Ponte George Washington 1,451 1,06 1931 Estados Unidos"
"[102]Ponte Shimotsui-Seto 1,447 940 1988 Japão"
"[103] Ponte Krk 1,431 390 1980 Croácia"
"[104] Ponte Mjøsa 1,421 69 1985 Noruega"
"[105] Ponte Tasman 1,417 43 1964 Austrália"
"[106] Canso Causeway 1,385 94 1955 Canadá"
"[107] Ponte Rio Irtysh 1,374 231 2004 Rússia"
"[108] Ponte Honoré Mercier 1,361 122 1934 Canadá"
"[109] Ponte Innoshima 1,339 770 1983 Japão"
"[110] Van Brienenoordbrug 1,320 288 1965 Países Baixos"
"[111] Ponte Gjemnessund 1,257 623 1992 Noruega"
"[112] Ponte Mendota 1,255 93 1926 Estados Unidos"
"[113] Ponte Sandnessund 1,248 150 1973 Noruega"
"[114 Ponte Nordhordland 1,246 113 1994 Noruega"
"[115] Ponte Sotra 1,236 468 1971 Noruega"
"[116] Ponte Måløy 1,224 125 1974 Noruega"
"[117] Ponte Finnsnes 1,220 143 1972 Noruega"
"[118] Ponte Svendborgsund 1,220 90 1966 Dinamarca"
"[119] Ponte Little Belt (antiga) 1,178 220 1935 Dinamarca"
"[120] Ponte Akinada 1,175 750 1999 Japão"
"[121] Ponte Sydney Harbour 1,149 503 1932 Austrália"
"[122] Ponte Kiso Gawa 1,145 275 2001 Japão"
"[123] Viaduct Negrelli 1,110 25 1849 República Tcheca"
"[124] Ponte Yanjisha 1,084 360 2000 China"
"[125] Ponte Stord 1,077 677 2000 Noruega"
"[126] Ponte Kanmon 1,068 712 1973 Japão"
"[127] Ponte Stavanger 1,067 185 1978 Noruega"
"[128] Ponte Helgeland 1,065 425 1991 Noruega"
"[129] Ponte Askøy 1,057 850 1992 Noruega"
"[130] Viaduct Crni Kal 1,056 141 2004 Eslovênia"
"[131] Ponte Replot 1,045 250 1996 Finlândia"
"[132]Ponte Pierre Laporte 1,041 667 1970 Canadá"
"[133] Ponte Hadsel 1,020 150 1978 Noruega"
"[134] Ponte Tromsø 1,016 80 1960 Noruega"
"[135] Ponte Skarnsund 1,010 530 1991 Noruega"